xvi
Contents
17.3.3
Enzymes Involved Biological Pretreatment
274
17.3.3.1
Lignin Peroxidase
275
17.3.3.2
Manganese Peroxidase
275
17.3.3.3
Laccases
275
17.3.3.4
Versatile Peroxidase (VP)
276
17.4
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
276
17.4.1
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides
277
17.4.1.1
Cellulose and Hemicellulose Degrading Enzymes and Mechanisms
277
17.5
Fermentation
277
17.5.1
Microorganisms Involved in Fermentation
277
17.5.2
Fermentation Process
278
17.5.3
Product Recovery of Bioethanol Post Fermentation
278
17.6
Conclusion and Future Prospects
279
References
280
18
Advancements in Bio-hydrogen Production from Waste
Biomass
283
Shyamali Sarma and Sankar Chakma
18.1
Introduction
283
18.2
Routes of Production
285
18.2.1
Biophotolysis
285
18.2.2
Dark Fermentation
286
18.2.3
Photo-Fermentation
286
18.3
Biomass as Feedstock for Biohydrogen
286
18.4
Factors Affecting Biohydrogen
288
18.4.1
Influence of pH
288
18.4.2
System Temperature
288
18.4.3
Inoculum
289
18.4.4
Substrates
291
18.4.5
Type of Reactor
291
18.4.5.1
Batch Mode
291
18.4.5.2
Continuous Mode
292
18.4.5.3
Fed Batch
292
18.5
Strategies to Enhance Microbial Hydrogen Production
292
18.5.1
Integrative Process
293
18.5.2
Medium and Process Optimization
293
18.5.3
Metabolic Flux Analysis
294
18.5.4
Application of Ultrasonication
295
18.5.5
Strain Development
295
18.6
Future Perspectives and Conclusion
297
References
297